朱镕基總理：關(guān)于國民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會發(fā)展第十個五年計劃綱要的報告
－－２００１年３月５日在第九屆全國人民代表大會第四次會議上
FULL TEXT OF PREMIER ZHU RONGJI’S REPORT ON THE OUTLINE OF
THE TENTH FIVE-YEAR PLAN FOR NATIONAL ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT (2001-2005)
(DELIVERED AT THE FOURTH SESSION OF THE NINTH NATIONAL PEOPLE’S CONGRESS ON MARCH 5, 2001)
(1)
各位代表：
從今年開始，我國將實施新世紀(jì)第一個五年計劃。中國共產(chǎn)黨十五屆五中全會通過的《中共中央關(guān)于制定國民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會發(fā)展第十個五年計劃的建議》，提出了未來五年國民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會發(fā)展的奮斗目標(biāo)、指導(dǎo)方針和主要任務(wù)。根據(jù)《建議》的精神，國務(wù)院認(rèn)真聽取各方面意見，制定了《中華人民共和國國民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會發(fā)展第十個五年計劃綱要（草案）》�，F(xiàn)在，我代表國務(wù)院向大會作報告，請各位代表連同《綱要（草案）》一并審議，并請全國政協(xié)各位委員提出意見。
Deputies,
Beginning this year, China will implement the first five-year plan for the new century. The Proposal of the CPC Central Committee for the Formulation of the Tenth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development was adopted at the Fifth Plenary Session of the Fifteenth CPC Central Committee. The Proposal defined objectives, guiding principles and major tasks for China ’s national economic and social development during the next five years. In the spirit of the Proposal and on the basis of opinions solicited from all sectors of society, the State Council has drawn up the Outline of the Tenth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development (Draft) of the People’s Republic of China . On behalf of the State Council, I now make my report to you and present the Outline (Draft) for your consideration and also for comments from members of the National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference.
一、 "九五"時期國民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會發(fā)展的回顧
過去五年，全國各族人民在中國共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，團(tuán)結(jié)奮斗，開拓創(chuàng)新，各個方面取得了重大成就。
國民經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)快速健康發(fā)展，綜合國力進(jìn)一步增強(qiáng)。國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值２０００年達(dá)８９４０４億元，平均每年增長８．３％。人均國民生產(chǎn)總值比１９８０年翻兩番的任務(wù)，已經(jīng)超額完成。在經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)增長和效益改善的基礎(chǔ)上，２０００年國家財政收入達(dá)１３３８０億元，平均每年增長１６．５％。主要工農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)量位居世界前列，商品短缺狀況基本結(jié)束。產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整取得積極進(jìn)展。糧食等主要農(nóng)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)能力明顯提高，實現(xiàn)了農(nóng)產(chǎn)品供給由長期短缺到總量基本平衡、豐年有余的歷史性轉(zhuǎn)變。淘汰落后和壓縮過剩工業(yè)生產(chǎn)能力取得成效，重點企業(yè)技術(shù)改造不斷推進(jìn)。信息產(chǎn)業(yè)等高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)迅速成長。基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)成績顯著，能源、交通、通信和原材料的 "瓶頸"制約得到緩解。
經(jīng)濟(jì)體制改革全面推進(jìn)，社會主義市場經(jīng)濟(jì)體制初步建立。國有大中型企業(yè)建立現(xiàn)代企業(yè)制度的改革取得重要進(jìn)展。大多數(shù)國家重點企業(yè)進(jìn)行了公司制改革，其中相當(dāng)一部分在境內(nèi)外上市。企業(yè)扭虧增盈成效顯著，２０００年國有及國有控股工業(yè)企業(yè)實現(xiàn)利潤２３９２億元，為１９９７年的２．９倍。國有大中型企業(yè)改革和脫困的三年目標(biāo)基本實現(xiàn)。在公有制經(jīng)濟(jì)進(jìn)一步發(fā)展的同時，私營、個體經(jīng)濟(jì)有了較快發(fā)展。市場體系建設(shè)繼續(xù)推進(jìn)，資本、技術(shù)和勞動力等要素市場迅速發(fā)展，市場在資源配置中的基礎(chǔ)性作用明顯增強(qiáng)。財 ?nbsp| 體制繼續(xù)完善。金融改革步伐加快。城鎮(zhèn)住房制度、社會保障制度和政府機(jī)構(gòu)等方面改革取得重大進(jìn)展。國家宏觀調(diào)控體系進(jìn)一步健全。
對外開放水平不斷提高，全方位對外開放格局基本形成。對外經(jīng)貿(mào)體制改革穩(wěn)步推進(jìn)，外向型經(jīng)濟(jì)迅速發(fā)展。２０００年進(jìn)出口總額達(dá)４７４３億美元，其中出口２４９２億美元，分別比 １９９５年增長６９％和６７％。出口商品結(jié)構(gòu)改善，機(jī)電產(chǎn)品和高技術(shù)產(chǎn)品所占比重提高。對外開放領(lǐng)域逐步擴(kuò)大，投資環(huán)境繼續(xù)改善。吸收外資規(guī)模增大、質(zhì)量提高。五年累計實際利用外資２８９４億美元，比 "八五"時期增長７９．６％。國家外匯儲備２０００年底達(dá)１６５６億美元，比１９９５年底增加９２０億美元。
人民生活繼續(xù)改善，總體上達(dá)到小康水平。農(nóng)村居民人均純收入和城鎮(zhèn)居民人均可支配收入，２０００年分別達(dá)到２２５３元和６２８０元，平均每年實際增長４．７％和５．７％。市場商品豐富，居民消費水平不斷提高，社會消費品零售總額平均每年增長１０．６％。城鄉(xiāng)居民住房、電信和用電等生活條件有較大改善。居民儲蓄存款余額五年增長１倍多，股票、債券等其它金融資產(chǎn)迅速增加。農(nóng)村貧困人口大幅度減少 ?quot;八七"扶貧攻堅目標(biāo)基本實現(xiàn)。
科技、教育加快發(fā)展，社會事業(yè)全面進(jìn)步。 "８６３" 計劃順利實施。航空航天、信息、新材料和生物工程等高技術(shù)領(lǐng)域獲得一批重要成果。基礎(chǔ)研究和應(yīng)用研究取得新進(jìn)展。部門所屬應(yīng)用型科研院所企業(yè)化改革基本完成A其它科研院所體制改革全面展開。科技成果市場化、產(chǎn)業(yè)化進(jìn)程加快。各級各類教育全面發(fā)展�；酒占熬拍炅x務(wù)教育和基本掃除青壯年文盲的目標(biāo)初步實現(xiàn)。高等教育管理體制改革取得重大進(jìn)展。擴(kuò)大高校招生受到群眾普遍歡迎。人口和計劃生育工作取得新成績。生態(tài)建設(shè)和環(huán)境保護(hù)的力度明顯加大。文化、衛(wèi)生、體育等各項社會事業(yè)繼續(xù)發(fā)展。廉政建設(shè)和反腐敗斗爭不斷取得成效。社會治安綜合治理進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)。社會主義精神文明建設(shè)和民主法制建設(shè)取得新的進(jìn)展。國防和軍隊建設(shè)邁出新的步伐。
"九五"期間，我國政府恢復(fù)對香港、澳門行使主權(quán)，祖國和平統(tǒng)一大業(yè)取得歷史性進(jìn)展。香港、澳門回歸祖國以來，"一國兩制"方針和基本法得到全面貫徹執(zhí)行。特別行政區(qū)政府工作卓有成效，香港、澳門社會穩(wěn)定，經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。
隨著 "九五"計劃的完成，我們實現(xiàn)了現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)第二步戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)，為實施"十五"計劃、開始邁向第三步戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)奠定了良好基礎(chǔ)。這是我國社會主義現(xiàn)代化事業(yè)取得的偉大成就，是中華民族發(fā)展史上一個新的里程碑。
"九五"時期經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會發(fā)展的巨大成就，是克服重重困難取得的，來之不易。我們成功應(yīng)對了國際突發(fā)事件的挑戰(zhàn)，有效抵御了亞洲金融危機(jī)的沖擊，既克服"九五" 前期通貨膨脹的影響，又抑制了中后期的通貨緊縮趨勢，并戰(zhàn)勝了嚴(yán)重的水旱災(zāi)害。這些成就的取得，是以江澤民同志為核心的黨中央面對諸多矛盾和困難交織的局面，運籌帷幄，及時作出一系列正確決策和部署，全國上下團(tuán)結(jié)奮斗的結(jié)果。我代表國務(wù)院，向在各個領(lǐng)域和崗位上辛勤勞動、作出貢獻(xiàn)的全國各族人民致以崇高敬意！向關(guān)心與支持祖國建設(shè)和統(tǒng)一的香港特別行政區(qū)、澳門特別行政區(qū)同胞和臺灣同胞以及海外僑胞，表示誠摯的感謝！
"九五"時期的實踐，豐富了我們按照發(fā)展社會主義市場經(jīng)濟(jì)的要求，加強(qiáng)和改善宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)管理與調(diào)控的經(jīng)驗。 第一，堅持用發(fā)展的辦法解決前進(jìn)中的問題。發(fā)展是硬道理。面對各種社會矛盾，我們始終抓住經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)這個中心，采取有效措施促進(jìn)國民經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)快速健康發(fā)展，從而為處理好其它矛盾提供了基礎(chǔ)。同時，堅持兩手抓、兩手都要硬的方針，不斷加強(qiáng)社會主義精神文明建設(shè)和民主法制建設(shè)，為集中精力從事經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)創(chuàng)造了良好的政治社會環(huán)境，并提供強(qiáng)大的精神動力。
第二，根據(jù)經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢的變化，適時調(diào)整宏觀調(diào)控政策取向和力度。在治理通貨膨脹時，注意保持經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)增長，成功實現(xiàn) "軟著陸"。在抑制通貨緊縮趨勢時，堅持?jǐn)U大內(nèi)需的方針，果斷實施積極的財政政策，并在實踐中不斷完善各項政策措施。既增發(fā)國債、擴(kuò)大投資，又適當(dāng)增加城鎮(zhèn)中低收入居民的收入，鼓勵增加消費，從兩個方面拉動經(jīng)濟(jì)增長。采取提高出口退?nbsp| 率和嚴(yán)厲打擊走私等措施，千方百計擴(kuò)大出口，以平衡國際收支，穩(wěn)定人民幣幣值。實行穩(wěn)健的貨幣政策，運用利率等多種手段支持經(jīng)濟(jì)增長，同時注意調(diào)節(jié)貨幣供應(yīng)量，引導(dǎo)信貸投向，防范和化解金融風(fēng)險。 第三，把擴(kuò)大內(nèi)需和調(diào)整經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)緊密結(jié)合起來。根據(jù)一般加工工業(yè)生產(chǎn)能力普遍過剩的現(xiàn)實狀況，把國債投資重點放在基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)方面，同時增加對農(nóng)業(yè)和科技、教育的投入，支持企業(yè)技術(shù)改造。利用生產(chǎn)數(shù)據(jù)生產(chǎn)能力相對富余的時機(jī)，辦成了一些多年想辦而沒有辦成的大事，既拉動當(dāng)前經(jīng)濟(jì)增長，又增強(qiáng)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展后勁。
第四，正確處理改革、發(fā)i、穩(wěn)定的關(guān)系。在復(fù)雜、困難的情況下，改革沒有停滯，而是迎難而上，積極有序地向前推進(jìn)，有力推動了經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。同時，始終注意使改革的力度同社會承受能力相適應(yīng)。在結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整和改革深化不可避免地觸及深層利益關(guān)系時，高度重視和采取各種政策措施，維護(hù)廣大群眾的基本利益。大力實施再就業(yè)工程，確保國有企業(yè)下崗職工基本生活費和離退休人員基本養(yǎng)老金按時足額發(fā)放，堅持按保護(hù)價敞開收購農(nóng)民余糧，從總體上維護(hù)了社會穩(wěn)定和經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)增長。
在充分肯定成績的同時，也要清醒地看到，經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會生活中還存在不少問題。主要是：產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)不合理，地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展不協(xié)調(diào)；國民經(jīng)濟(jì)整體素質(zhì)不高，國際競爭力不強(qiáng)；社會主義市場經(jīng)濟(jì)體制尚不完善，阻礙生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展的體制因素仍很突出；科技、教育比較落后，科技創(chuàng)新能力較弱；水、石油等重要資源短缺，部分地區(qū)生態(tài)環(huán)境惡化；就業(yè)壓力加大，農(nóng)民和城鎮(zhèn)部分居民收入增長緩慢，收入差距拉大；一些領(lǐng)域市場經(jīng)濟(jì)秩序相當(dāng)混亂，重大安全事故時有發(fā)生；貪污腐敗、奢侈浪費現(xiàn)象和形式主義、官僚主義作風(fēng)還比較嚴(yán)重；一些地方社會治安狀況不好。這些問題產(chǎn)生的原因比較復(fù)雜，不少也同我們工作中的缺點和錯誤有關(guān)。我們必須高度重視，進(jìn)一步采取措施，努力加以解決。
nd sound development, and overall national strength continued to grow. In the five years, China ’s GDP increased by an average annual rate of 8.3% and reached 8.9404 trillion yuan in 2000. The mission of quadrupling the per capita GNP of 1980 has been overfulfilled. As the economy continued to grow and economic performance improved, national revenue in 2000 reached 1.338 trillion yuan, an average increase of 16.5% annually. The output of major industrial and agricultural products now stands in the front ranks of the world’s economies, and commodity shortages were by and large eliminated. Progress was made in industrial restructuring. The quantities of grain and other major agricultural products we are capable of producing increased noticeably, marking a historic change from a long-term shortage of agricultural products to a basic balance in their total supply and demand, with even a surplus during good harvest years. Good results were achieved in eliminating outmoded industrial production capacity, reducing excess production capacity and upgrading technology in key enterprises. Information technology and other new and high-tech industries grew rapidly. Marked success was achieved in infrastructure development, alleviating bottlenecks in energy, transportation, communication, and raw and processed materials.
Economic restructuring was extensively carried forward, and a socialist market economy was preliminarily established. Significant advances were made in the establishment of a modern corporate structure in large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises. Most key state enterprises became corporations, and a considerable number of them were listed on stock markets inside or outside China . There was a marked reduction of losses and increase of profits in enterprises, and total profits from state-owned industrial enterprises and from the industrial enterprises with a controlling share held by the state reached 239.2 billion yuan in 2000, an increase of 190% over the 1997 figure. The objectives of reforming large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises and turning around loss-generating operations within three years were basically attained. At the same time that public sectors of the economy further developed, private and individual sectors also grew rapidly. The market system continued to improve, and the supply of capital, technology and labor expanded rapidly. The basic role of the market in the allocation of resources was noticeably enhanced. The system of finance and taxation continued to improve. Banking reform was accelerated. Major progress was made in the reform of the urban housing system, the social security system and government institutions. The state macro-regulation system was further strengthened.
We opened wider to the outside world, and the pattern of all-round opening took basic shape. Reform of the foreign trade system steadily progressed, and the internationally-oriented economy grew rapidly. The total volume of China ’s imports and exports reached US$474.3 billion in 2000, with exports accounting for US$249.2 billion, a rise of 69% and 67% respectively over the 1995 figures. The mix of exports improved, and the proportion of electromechanical products and high-tech products increased. The spheres of activity open to foreign businesses were gradually widened, and the investment environment was improved. Foreign investment was increased and better utilized. More than US$289.4 billion in foreign funds were put to use during the past five years, an increase of 79.6% over the period of the Eighth Five- Year Plan. China ’s foreign exchange reserves totaled US$165.6 billion at the end of 2000, US$92 billion more than in 1995.
People’s living standards continued to improve, and generally people began to lead a relatively comfortable life. In 2000 the per capita net income of rural dwellers and the per capita disposable income of urban residents reached 2,253 yuan and 6,280 yuan respectively, increasing by 4.7% and 5.7% annually in real terms. There was abundant supply of commodities; the level of consumption continued to rise, and the total volume of retail sales of consumer goods increased by an average annual rate of 10. 6%. Housing, telecommunications, electricity and other aspects of living conditions for both urban and rural residents improved considerably. Personal savings deposits of residents increased by more than 100% over the past five years. The value of stocks, bonds and other financial assets increased rapidly. The number of people below the poverty line in rural areas decreased drastically. The objectives set in the seven-year plan to help 80 million people get out of poverty were basically attained.
The development of science, technology and education was accelerated, and other social undertakings progressed in a comprehensive way. The March 1986 Program to stimulate the development of high technologies was implemented successfully. A number of major results were achieved in the fields of aeronautics and astronautics, information technology, materials science, bioengineering and other high technologies. New advances were made in basic and applied research. The transformation of applied research institutes under government departments into enterprises has been basically accomplished, and restructuring of other research institutes has been carried out in a comprehensive way. The process of getting scientific and technological achievements to the market and applying them in production was accelerated. Progress was made in strengthening various types of education at all levels. Initial success was achieved in fulfilling the objectives of making nine-year compulsory education basically universal in the country and eliminating illiteracy among young and middle-aged people. Major progress was made in the reform of the management system of higher education. The increase of university and college enrollment was widely appreciated by the general public. New advances were made in population management and family planning. Great efforts were made in ecological conservation and environmental protection. Culture, public health, sports and other social undertakings continued to develop. Successive results were achieved in building a clean and honest government and in the struggle against corruption. The administration of all facets of public security was improved. New progress was made in improving socialist spiritual civilization, democracy and the legal system. Continuing progress was made in modernizing national defense and the armed services.
During the Ninth Five-Year Plan period, the Chinese government resumed its exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong and Macao , and historic progress was made in the great cause of peaceful reunification of the motherland. Since the return of Hong Kong and Macao to the embrace of the motherland, the principle of "one country, two systems" and the basic laws of the two regions have been implemented in a comprehensive way. Outstanding achievements were made in the work of the governments of the special administrative regions. Social stability and economic development were secured in Hong Kong and Macao .
With the fulfillment of the Ninth Five-Year Plan, we attained the strategic objectives for the second stage of China’s modernization drive, which laid a solid foundation for undertaking the Tenth Five-Year Plan and moving on to the third stage. This constituted a great achievement in China ’s socialist modernization drive and a new milestone in the progress of the Chinese nation.
These tremendous achievements in economic and social development during the Ninth Five-Year Plan period were hard-won victories over numerous difficulties. We successfully coped with the challenges posed by unexpected international events. We protected ourselves from the impact of the Asian financial crisis. We controlled inflation during the initial stage of the Ninth Five-Year Plan and curbed deflation in the middle and late stages. We also conquered severe floods and droughts. We attained these achievements thanks to the timely and correct policy decisions made by the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Jiang Zemin at its core in the face of numerous problems and difficulties and to the concerted efforts of the people throughout the country. On behalf of the State Council, I would now like to pay my highest respects to the people of all ethnic groups. You have all been working hard and making contributions in your own fields of endeavor. I also wish to express our sincere thanks to our compatriots in Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Macao Special Administrative Region, Taiwan , as well as to overseas Chinese who have shown their concern and support for the development and reunification of the country.
During the implementation of the Ninth Five-Year Plan, we have accumulated a wealth of experience in improving macro-economic management and regulation to meet the requirements for developing a socialist market economy.
First, we have solved problems blocking our advance by stimulating economic development. Development is the fundamental principle. In the face of various social problems, we have always made economic development the central task and adopted effective measures to promote a sustained, rapid and sound development of the national economy, thus providing a foundation for handling other problems properly. Meanwhile, we adhered to the principle of "doing two jobs at once and attaching equal importance to each". We increased our efforts to improve socialist spiritual civilization, democracy and the legal system, and this has created a good political and social environment and provided a strong impetus for economic development.
Second, we made timely adjustments to the macro-control policy in accordance with the changing economic situation. In dealing with inflation, we paid attention to ensuring sustained expansion of the economy and a successful "soft-landing". In curbing deflation, we adhered to the principle of boosting domestic demand, resolutely enforced a proactive fiscal policy, and improved various policies and measures in the course of experience. We issued additional national bonds and expanded investment on the one hand, and we appropriately increased the income of the medium- and low-income urban residents and encouraged more consumption on the other, thus stimulating economic growth. We also adopted such measures as raising the export tax rebate rate and cracking down on smuggling in order to expand exports, achieve a balance of international payments, and keep the value of RMB stable. We implemented prudent monetary policies, adjusted interest rates and adopted many other measures to support economic growth. At the same time, we regulated the monetary supply, guided the direction of credit, and guarded against and reduced financial risks.
Third, we integrated the expansion of domestic demand with economic restructuring. In view of the over-productivity in the general processing industries, investments from national bonds were mainly put into infrastructure development. Investment in agriculture, science, technology and education was also increased, and support was rendered for technological upgrading in enterprises. We made use of the surplus production capacity in the capital goods industry to accomplish some large undertakings we had been wanting to but were unable to do for years. By so doing, we stimulated economic growth and increased the stamina for further economic development.
Fourth, we balanced reform, development and stability. Under complicated and difficult conditions, instead of coming to a halt, reform pressed forward vigorously and in an orderly manner, giving a powerful impetus to economic development. In the meantime, attention was paid to adjusting the magnitude of reform to the tolerance of the people. When economic restructuring and deepening reform unavoidably touched deep-seated interests, great attention was paid and various policies and measures were adopted to safeguard the fundamental interests of the general public. Vigorous efforts were made to implement re-employment projects and ensure that laid-off workers receive their basic living expenses and retirees their old-age pension payment on time and in full. The farmers’ surplus grains were purchased without restriction at a protective price. All these measures helped to safeguard social stability and achieve sustained economic growth.
While fully affirming our achievements, we are clearly aware that there are still numerous problems in our economic and social life. The principal problems are as follows: inappropriate industrial structure and non-coordinated development of local economies; low overall quality of the national economy and low competitiveness in the international market; imperfections in the socialist market economy and conspicuous systematic factors hampering the development of productive forces; a comparatively backward state of science, technology and education, and relatively weak innovative ability in science and technology; a shortage of important resources such as water and petroleum and the deterioration of the ecological environment in some regions; growing employment pressure, slow income increase of farmers and some urban residents, and an increasing income gap; considerable disorder in some areas of the market economy; frequent occurrences of grave accidents; serious corruption, extravagance and waste, formalism and bureaucratism; and poor public order in some localities. The causes for these problems are rather complicated, but they are not unrelated to shortcomings and errors in our work. We must pay great attention to them and take further steps to solve them.
二、 "十五"期間的奮斗目標(biāo)和指導(dǎo)方針
展望新世紀(jì)初的國內(nèi)外形勢，未來五到十年，是我國經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會發(fā)展極為重要的時期。世界新科技革命迅猛發(fā)展，經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化趨勢增強(qiáng)，許多國家積極推進(jìn)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整，周邊國家正在加快發(fā)展。國際環(huán)境既對我們提出了嚴(yán)峻挑戰(zhàn)，也為我們提供了迎頭趕上、實現(xiàn)跨越式發(fā)展的歷史性機(jī)遇。從國內(nèi)看，我們正處在經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整的關(guān)鍵時期，改革處于攻堅階段，加入世貿(mào)組織又會帶來一些新的問題。各方面任務(wù)十分繁重，許多深層次矛盾需要解決，形勢要求我們必須抓住機(jī)遇，加快發(fā)展。同時，我們也具備許多有利條件，能夠在一個較長時期實現(xiàn)國民經(jīng)濟(jì)較快發(fā)展。
根據(jù)"十五"期間的形勢和任務(wù)，《綱要》提出今后五年經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會發(fā)展的主要目標(biāo)是：國民經(jīng)濟(jì)保持較快發(fā)展速度，經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)戰(zhàn)略性調(diào)整取得明顯成效，經(jīng)濟(jì)增長質(zhì)量和效益顯著提高，為到２０１０年國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值比２０００年翻一番奠定堅實基礎(chǔ)；國有企業(yè)建立現(xiàn)代企業(yè)制度取得重大進(jìn)展，社會保障制度比較健全，社會主義市場經(jīng)濟(jì)體制逐步完善，對外開放和國際合作進(jìn)一步開展；就業(yè)渠道拓寬，城鄉(xiāng)居民收入持續(xù)增加，物質(zhì)文化生活有較大改善，生態(tài)建設(shè)和環(huán)境保護(hù)得到加強(qiáng)；科技、教育加快發(fā)展，國民素質(zhì)進(jìn)一步提高，精神文明建設(shè)和民主法制建設(shè)取得明顯進(jìn)展。
"十五"計劃《綱要》，體現(xiàn)了以下重要指導(dǎo)方針。
堅持把發(fā)展作為主題。強(qiáng)調(diào)速度與效益相統(tǒng)一，在提高效益的前提下實現(xiàn)較快的發(fā)展。有市場、有效益的速度，才是真正的發(fā)展，才是硬道理。綜合考慮各方面因素， " 十五"期間年均經(jīng)濟(jì)增長速度預(yù)期目標(biāo)為７％左右。這個速度雖然"比"九五"實際達(dá)到的速度低一點，但仍然是一個較高的速度。要在提高效益的基礎(chǔ)上實現(xiàn)這個目標(biāo)，必須付出艱巨努力。同時，由于國際國內(nèi)都存在一些不確定因素，計劃的預(yù)期目標(biāo)要留有余地。這樣，有利于引導(dǎo)各方面把主要精力放在調(diào)整結(jié)構(gòu)和提高效益上，也有利于防止經(jīng)濟(jì)過熱和重復(fù)建設(shè)。
堅持把結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整作為主線。我國經(jīng)濟(jì)已經(jīng)到了不調(diào)整就不能發(fā)展的時候。按原有結(jié)構(gòu)和粗放增長方式發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)，不僅產(chǎn)品沒有市場，資源、環(huán)境也難以承受。必須在發(fā)展中調(diào)整結(jié)構(gòu)，在結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整中保持較快發(fā)展。今后五年要著力調(diào)整產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)、地區(qū)結(jié)構(gòu)和城鄉(xiāng)結(jié)構(gòu)，特別要把產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整作為關(guān)鍵。要鞏固和加強(qiáng)農(nóng)業(yè)基礎(chǔ)地位，加快工業(yè)改組改造和結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化升級，大力發(fā)展服務(wù)業(yè)，加快國民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會信息化，繼續(xù)加強(qiáng)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)。 堅持把改革開放和科技進(jìn)步作為動力。經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整，都要靠體制創(chuàng)新和科技創(chuàng)新來推動。今后五年要堅定不移地推進(jìn)改革，擴(kuò)大開放，突破影響生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展的體制性障礙，為經(jīng)濟(jì)社會發(fā)展提供強(qiáng)大動力。要把發(fā)展科技、教育放在突出位置，進(jìn)一步實施科教興國戰(zhàn)略，振興科技，培養(yǎng)人才，促進(jìn)科技、教育與經(jīng)濟(jì)緊密結(jié)合。
堅持把提高人民生活水平作為根本出發(fā)點。不斷改善城鄉(xiāng)人民生活，既是我們發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)的根本目的，也是擴(kuò)大內(nèi)需、促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)增長的迫切需要。要堅持把提高人民生活水平擺在重要位置，擴(kuò)大就業(yè)門路，增加居民收入，合理調(diào)節(jié)收入分配關(guān)系，健全社會保障體系，保證人民群眾向更加寬裕的小康生活邁進(jìn)。 堅持把經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和社會發(fā)展結(jié)合起來。大力加強(qiáng)社會主義精神文明建設(shè)和民主法制建設(shè)，處理好改革、發(fā)展、穩(wěn)定的關(guān)系，促進(jìn)各項社會事業(yè)發(fā)展，確保社會穩(wěn)定。高度重視和認(rèn)真解決人口、資源和生態(tài)環(huán)境問題，進(jìn)一步實施可持續(xù)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略，推動經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會、生態(tài)環(huán)境協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展。
"十五"計劃《綱要》突出了戰(zhàn)略性、宏觀性、政策性，減少實物指針，增加反映結(jié)構(gòu)變化的預(yù)期指針；圍繞要解決的主要問題和重點發(fā)展領(lǐng)域，提出努力方向和相應(yīng)的政策措施。強(qiáng)調(diào)計劃的實施要充分發(fā)揮市場機(jī)制的作用，政府宏觀調(diào)控要更多地運用經(jīng)濟(jì)杠桿、經(jīng)濟(jì)政策和法律手段。在計劃制定方法上，力求提高社會參與度，使計劃制定過程成為發(fā)揚民主、集思廣益的過程，成為各有關(guān)方面達(dá)成共識的過程。
II. The Objectives and Guiding Principles of the Tenth Five-Year Plan
Looking ahead at the situation at home and abroad at the beginning of the 21st century, it can be said that the next five to ten years will be an extremely important period for China ’s economic and social development. The worldwide new scientific and technological revolution is progressing rapidly with great momentum. The economic globalization trend is gaining strength. Many countries are actively restructuring their industries, and our neighboring countries are accelerating their development. This international environment presents a severe challenge and a historic opportunity for us to strive to catch up and achieve development by leaps and bounds. At home, we are at a crucial juncture in economic restructuring, and reform is in a very difficult period. Our entry into the World Trade Organization will bring us a number of new problems. We are facing many arduous tasks. Many deep-seated problems need to be solved. All this requires us to seize the opportunity and accelerate development. At the same time, there are many favorable conditions for our national economy to achieve rather rapid development over a fairly long period.
In light of the situation and tasks facing us during the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, the Outline sets forth the main targets for economic and social development in the next five years as follows: maintain a fairly rapid growth rate in the national economy, achieve noticeable success in the strategic restructuring of the economy, and make marked improvement in the quality and benefits of economic growth to lay a solid foundation for doubling the 2000 GDP by 2010; make significant progress in establishing a modern corporate structure in state-owned enterprises, increase the soundness of the social security system, improve the socialist market economy, and open wider to the outside world and strengthen cooperation with other countries; expand avenues of employment, increase the income of urban and rural residents steadily, improve people’s material and cultural standards of living, and improve ecological conservation and environmental protection; accelerate the development of science, technology and education, further improve the quality of the Chinese people, and achieve marked progress in improving spiritual civilization, democracy and the legal system.
The Outline of the Tenth Five-Year Plan embodies the following major guiding principles.
Making Development the Central Theme. We stress a balance between high growth rate and good economic returns and attaining fairly rapid growth by improving economic returns. Sound economic growth must be based on strong market demand and good economic returns. This is a fundamental principle. Based on an overall analysis of conditions in all sectors of the economy, we have set the target for the average annual economic growth rate in the Tenth Five-Year Plan period at around 7%. Though slightly lower than the actual growth rate of the Ninth Five-Year Plan period, it is still fairly high. Arduous efforts have to be made to attain this target through better economic performance. However, as there exist some uncertainties both at home and abroad, we have to leave some leeway when defining our target. This will help people focus on restructuring and improving economic returns, and also help prevent overheating of the economy and redundant development.
Concentrating on economic restructuring. We have already reached the point where we cannot further develop the economy without making structural adjustments. Under the old economic structure and its crude manner of growth, products will not be marketable, and it will be impossible to sustain resources and preserve the environment. We must adjust the economic structure in developing the economy and maintain a relatively rapid growth in structural adjustments. In the next five years, efforts should be intensified to adjust the patterns of economic development between different industries, between different regions, and between urban and rural areas, with emphasis on the industrial structure. We should stabilize and strengthen agriculture as the foundation of the economy, accelerate industrial reform, reorganization, upgrading and optimization, vigorously develop the service industry, accelerate efforts to base the national economy and society on information, and continue to reinforce the infrastructure.
Making reform and opening up and technological progress the driving force. The success of both economic development and structural adjustment depends on institutional, scientific and technological innovation. In the next five years, we must unswervingly pursue reform, open China wider to the outside world, and break down the institutional obstacles to the development of productive forces. This will provide a strong impetus for economic and social development. In addition, we have to give priority to the development of science, technology and education, further implement the strategy of developing China through science and education, invigorate science and technology, train more skilled personnel, and better integrate science, technology and education with the economy.
Making improvement of the people’s living standards the basic starting point. Raising the people’s living standards in both urban and rural areas is the basic goal of our economic development and a crucial factor for expanding domestic demand and stimulating sustained economic growth. We must give priority to raising the people’s living standards. To accomplish this we must create more jobs, increase personal income, distribute income@equitably, improve the social security system, and ensure a more comfortable life for the people.
Coordinating economic development with social development. We should make great efforts to improve socialist spiritual civilization, democracy and the legal system, balance reform, development and stability, accelerate development of various social undertakings, and ensure social stability. We need to pay close attention to and solve issues of population, resources and the ecological environment, take further steps to implement the strategy of sustainable development, and stimulate coordinated economic, social and environmental development.
The Outline for the Tenth Five-Year Plan emphasizes its strategic, macro-economic and policy characteristics. It contains fewer specific targets and sets more tentative ones adjustable to structural changes. The Outline focuses on key development areas and the settlement of major problems, orients our efforts, and presents corresponding policies and measures. It stresses that the role of market mechanisms should be fully exercised in the implementation of the Plan, and that economic levers, economic policy and legislation be further employed in the government’s macro-control. In the process of formulating the Plan, we need to encourage more participation by all elements of society, thus making it a process of giving full scope to democracy, absorbing all useful ideas, and reaching agreement among all sides.
三、加強(qiáng)農(nóng)業(yè)基礎(chǔ)地位，努力增加農(nóng)民收入
農(nóng)業(yè)、農(nóng)村和農(nóng)民問題是關(guān)系改革開放和現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)全局的重大問題。 "十五"期間要把全面貫徹黨在農(nóng)村的基本政策，加強(qiáng)農(nóng)業(yè)基礎(chǔ)地位和增加農(nóng)民收入，作為經(jīng)濟(jì)工作的首要任務(wù)，著重抓好以下幾項工作。 加快農(nóng)業(yè)和農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整。這是提高農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)效益，增加農(nóng)民收入的根本途?nbsp| 。在切實保護(hù)耕a，穩(wěn)定糧食生產(chǎn)能力的同時，以優(yōu)化品種、提高質(zhì)量、增加效益為中心，積極調(diào)整種植業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)，加快發(fā)展畜牧業(yè)、林業(yè)、水產(chǎn)業(yè)。發(fā)揮各地農(nóng)業(yè)的比較優(yōu)勢，合理調(diào)整農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的區(qū)域布局，發(fā)展特色農(nóng)業(yè)，形成規(guī)�；�、專業(yè)化的生產(chǎn)格局，提高商品率。大力促進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化經(jīng)營，扶持龍頭企業(yè)，推廣"公司加農(nóng)戶"、"訂單農(nóng)業(yè)"等多種形式，發(fā)展農(nóng)產(chǎn)品加工、儲運、保鮮等產(chǎn)業(yè)，提高農(nóng)業(yè)的后續(xù)效益。引導(dǎo)鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)企業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整、技術(shù)進(jìn)步和體制創(chuàng)新。發(fā)展小城鎮(zhèn)，繁榮小城鎮(zhèn)經(jīng)濟(jì)，積極穩(wěn)妥地推進(jìn)城鎮(zhèn)化，拓寬農(nóng)民的就業(yè)空間和增收渠道。大力推進(jìn)科教興農(nóng)，加強(qiáng)生物技術(shù)、信息技術(shù)等高新技術(shù)的研究與開發(fā)應(yīng)用，推廣優(yōu)良品種和先進(jìn)適用技術(shù)，積極扶持農(nóng)業(yè)科技產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展。加強(qiáng)農(nóng)業(yè)社會化服務(wù)體系建設(shè)。建立農(nóng)產(chǎn)品市場信息、食品安全和質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與檢測體系。調(diào)整結(jié)構(gòu)要因地制宜，依據(jù)市場規(guī)律，維護(hù)農(nóng)民生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營自主權(quán)，不搞強(qiáng)迫命令。 積極推進(jìn)農(nóng)村各項改革。在長期穩(wěn)定土地承包關(guān)系的基礎(chǔ)上，鼓勵有條件的地區(qū)積極探索土地經(jīng)營權(quán)流轉(zhuǎn)制度改革。根據(jù)糧食生產(chǎn)和流通的新情況，繼續(xù)深化糧食流通體制改革。在適當(dāng)擴(kuò)大中央儲備糧規(guī)模的同時，糧食主銷區(qū)要加快糧食流通市場化進(jìn)程，通過與糧食主產(chǎn)區(qū)建立長期穩(wěn)定的購銷關(guān)系，以及中央儲備糧的輪換與調(diào)控，保證糧食需要。糧食主產(chǎn)區(qū)要繼續(xù)堅持"三項政策、一項改革" ，按保護(hù)價敞開收購農(nóng)民余糧，中央財政繼續(xù)給予資金支持，以充分發(fā)揮其糧食生產(chǎn)的優(yōu)勢。這樣做，既可為主產(chǎn)區(qū)騰出糧食銷售市場，促進(jìn)糧價合理回升，也有利于推進(jìn)主銷區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整，全面增加農(nóng)民收入。要保護(hù)好基本農(nóng)田，決不允許擅自將耕地改為非農(nóng)用地，這是一條不可逾越的"紅線"。推進(jìn)農(nóng)村?nbsp| 費制度改革，取消鄉(xiāng)統(tǒng)籌、村提留和其它面向農(nóng)民征收的一切行政性收費，同時適當(dāng)提高現(xiàn)行農(nóng)業(yè)?nbsp| 和農(nóng)業(yè)特產(chǎn)?nbsp| ?nbsp| 率。這是保障農(nóng)民合法權(quán)益，減輕農(nóng)民負(fù)擔(dān)的治本之策。要在總結(jié)安徽省試點經(jīng)驗的基礎(chǔ)上，加快改革步伐。同?nbsp| 費改革相結(jié)合，精簡鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)機(jī)構(gòu)，裁減人員，減少村組干部補(bǔ)貼人數(shù)；有條件的地方，適度撤并鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)。繼續(xù)深化農(nóng)村金融改革，積極探索適應(yīng)農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展要求的農(nóng)村金融體系。因地制宜加快農(nóng)村信用社管理體制改革，關(guān)鍵是要明確產(chǎn)權(quán)關(guān)系，完善法人治理結(jié)構(gòu)，落實防范和化解風(fēng)險的責(zé)任。農(nóng)村信用社要堅持為農(nóng)業(yè)、農(nóng)村、農(nóng)民服務(wù)的方向，加強(qiáng)經(jīng)營管理，充分發(fā)揮在農(nóng)村金融中的主力軍和聯(lián)系農(nóng)民的金融紐帶作用。農(nóng)業(yè)銀行和其它金融機(jī)構(gòu)要加強(qiáng)對農(nóng)業(yè)和農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)的支持。深化農(nóng)村供銷社改革。
加強(qiáng)農(nóng)業(yè)和農(nóng)村基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)。進(jìn)一步增加投入，加快大江大河大湖治理，抓緊主要江河控制性工程建設(shè)和病險水庫加固，提高防洪調(diào)蓄能力。著力抓好大型灌區(qū)節(jié)水工程改造，積極開展群眾性農(nóng)田水利建設(shè)，搞好水土保持。加強(qiáng)國家商品糧和優(yōu)質(zhì)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品基地建設(shè)，搞好農(nóng)業(yè)綜合開發(fā)。繼續(xù)加強(qiáng)農(nóng)村電網(wǎng)、通信、廣播電視、道路、供水等設(shè)施建設(shè)，切實改善農(nóng)村生產(chǎn)、生活和市場條件。
繼續(xù)搞好農(nóng)村扶貧工作。 "八七"扶貧攻堅任務(wù)雖已基本完成，但從根本上改變貧困地區(qū)面貌，仍是一項長期而艱巨的任務(wù)。要繼續(xù)加大扶貧力度，重點做好中西部少數(shù)民族地區(qū)、革命老區(qū)、邊疆地區(qū)和特困地區(qū)的扶貧工作。堅持開發(fā)式扶貧，多方面增加扶貧資金投入，擴(kuò)大以工代賑規(guī)模，支持貧困地區(qū)加強(qiáng)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)。
III. Strengthening Agriculture as the Foundation of the Economy and Striving to Increase Farmers’ Income
Agriculture, rural areas and farmers are of great importance to the reform, opening up and modernization drive. During the period of the Tenth Five-Year Plan, we need to give top priority to implementing the Party’s basic rural policy, strengthening agriculture as the foundation of the economy and increasing farmers’ income. We must focus on the following aspects of this work:
Accelerating restructuring of agricultural production and the development of the rural economy. This is the fundamental way to improve economic returns in agriculture and increase farmers’ income. While effectively protecting the cultivated land and stabilizing our grain production capacities, we need to restructure the patterns of farming, focusing on improving strains, quality and economic returns. We need to accelerate the development of animal husbandry, forestry and aquaculture. We need to adjust the patterns of agricultural production appropriately in different regions, taking into account their local comparative advantages. Agricultural production needs to be developed in light of local characteristics, and scale of economy and specialization need to be developed to raise the proportion of production marketed. Great efforts need to be exerted to promote the industrial management of agricultural production, to support leading enterprises, and to spread the practice of farmers working with companies or producing crops on a contract basis. We need to develop industries for processing, storing and transporting agricultural products and keeping them fresh in order to gain better returns from intensive processing of agricultural products. Town and township enterprises need guidance in restructuring, technological progress and institutional innovations. Small towns and cities need to be expanded; their economies need to be made prosperous; and steady progress needs to be made in urbanization in order to increase job opportunities and sources of income for farmers. We need to work diligently to reinvigorate agriculture through science and education. We need to strengthen the research, development and application of biotechnology, information technology and other high and new technologies, and spread the use of improved strains and advanced technologies. Great efforts need to be made to stimulate the industrialization of agriculture by applying agricultural science and technology. We need to improve the socialized service system for agriculture. Market information systems for agricultural products need to be established and standards and inspection procedures need to be formulated to ensure food safety and quality. In restructuring agriculture, we need to proceed in light of local conditions and follow the principles governing the development of the market, and we need to protect farmers’ right to independence in production and operation and refrain from pressure and coercion.
Actively promoting the reforms in rural areas. While keeping the system of stable, long-term land contracts as a foundation, areas where conditions permit should be encouraged to explore a land operation rights transfer system. In light of the new situation in grain production and distribution, we need to continue to deepen the reform of the grain distribution system. While increasing the central grain reserves appropriately, the main grain-consuming areas should accelerate the pace of market- oriented grain distribution, and their need for grain should be met by establishing long-term and stable purchase and sale relations with the main grain-producing areas and by renewing and regulating the central grain reserves. The relevant departments in the main grain-producing areas should continue to adhere to the three policies of purchasing surplus grain from farmers without limit at protective prices, of having state-owned grain purchase and wholesale businesses sell grain at a profit, and of ensuring closed operation of grain purchase funds and the reform of state-owned grain purchase and wholesale businesses. These departments need to purchase surplus grain from farmers without limit at protective prices, and they will continue to receive funds from the central treasury to make full use of their superiority in grain production. This will expand the grain market for the main grain-producing areas and promote a reasonable rise in grain prices. This will also be conducive to adjusting the agricultural structure in the main grain-consuming areas and broadly increasing farmers’ incomes. Basic farmland should be protected, and conversion of cultivated land to non-agricultural land without authorization will never be allowed. This is where we draw the line. The system of administrative fees and taxes in rural areas needs to be reformed by abolishing all administrative fees imposed exclusively on farmers, such as contributions to township and village public accumulation funds and at the same time by raising the current rate s of agricultural tax and special agricultural product tax where it is appropriate. This is a sound policy for safeguarding the legitimate rights and interests of farmers and reducing their burden. Reform needs to be accelerated with a review of the experience gained from pilot projects in Anhui Province . As a result of the reform of taxes and administrative fees, it will be necessary to decrease the number of the administrative bodies and employees in towns and townships, and reduce the number of village and group functionaries receiving government subsidies. It will be necessary to dissolve or merge some townships and towns where conditions permit. We need to continue to deepen the financial reform in rural areas and actively seek a financial system that helps stimulate rural economic development. It is necessary to accelerate the reform of the management system for rural credit cooperatives in light of local conditions. It is of particular importance to clearly establish ownership, exercising better control over rural credit cooperatives by bringing them within the legal person framework, and hold individuals responsible for preventing and defusing financial risks. Adhering to their mission of serving agriculture, rural areas and farmers, rural credit cooperatives must strengthen their operation and management, and expand their roles as the dominant financial force in rural areas and as the financial link between farmers. The Agricultural Bank of China and other financial institutions should also give more support to agriculture and the rural economy. The reform of rural supply and marketing cooperatives should be deepened.
Stepping up the construction of agricultural and rural infrastructure. More investments need to be made to accelerate the harnessing of big rivers and lakes. No time can be lost in constructing pivotal projects on major rivers and reinforcing decaying reservoirs to improve their flood-control, flow- management and storage capabilities. Great efforts need to be made to upgrade the water conservancy projects in large irrigated areas, and farmers need to be encouraged to play a more active role in building irrigation and water conservancy projects. We should do a good job in water and soil conservation. Efforts to build national commodity grain bases and quality agricultural product bases need to be intensified to stimulate comprehensive agricultural development. We need to continue to increase the construction of power grids, telecommunications, radio and television installations, roads and water supply facilities in rural areas to improve the production, living and marketing conditions there. Continuing to fight poverty in rural areas. Although the seven-year plan to help 80 million people out of poverty has been basically fulfilled, it will be an arduous task for a long time to bring about a fundamental change for the better in poverty-stricken areas. We need to intensify our efforts to fight poverty and priority needs to be given in our anti-poverty endeavor to ethnic minority areas in central and western China , the old revolutionary base areas, border areas and destitute areas. Assistance to the poor needs to continue to be development- oriented. More funds need to be put into anti-poverty efforts in every possible way. We need to expand the scale of programs that provide jobs as a form of relief and support efforts in poverty-stricken areas to improve the infrastructure.
四、大力推進(jìn)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化升級
產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整和升級，是經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)戰(zhàn)略性調(diào)整的重點，要突出以下幾個方面。
用高新技術(shù)和先進(jìn)適用技術(shù)改造提升傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)。要把傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)的改組改造放在重要位置，以市場為導(dǎo)向，以企業(yè)為主體，以技術(shù)進(jìn)步為支撐，抓好幾個環(huán)節(jié)。一是圍繞增加品種、改善質(zhì)量、節(jié)能降耗、防治污染和提高勞動生產(chǎn)率，在能源、冶金、化工、輕紡、機(jī)械、汽車、建材及建筑等行業(yè)，支持一批重點企業(yè)技術(shù)改造，切實提高工藝和裝備水平。二是通過自主創(chuàng)新和引進(jìn)技術(shù)，加快對推動結(jié)構(gòu)升級的共性技術(shù)、關(guān)鍵技術(shù)和配套技術(shù)的開發(fā)。振興裝備制造業(yè)，開發(fā)制造急需的大型高效和先進(jìn)成套技術(shù)裝備。三是通過上市、兼并、聯(lián)合、重組等形式，在主要行業(yè)形成若干擁有自主知識產(chǎn)權(quán)、主業(yè)突出、核心能力強(qiáng)的大公司和企業(yè)集團(tuán)，使之成為調(diào)整結(jié)構(gòu)、促進(jìn)升級的骨干和依托。四是積極支持和促進(jìn)老工業(yè)基地改造，充分發(fā)揮其基礎(chǔ)雄厚、人才聚集的優(yōu)勢，努力提高產(chǎn)業(yè)水平。以資源開采為主的城市和大礦區(qū)，要因地制宜發(fā)展接續(xù)和替代產(chǎn)業(yè)。
與此同時，要綜合運用經(jīng)濟(jì)、法律和必要的行政手段，繼續(xù)依法關(guān)閉產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量低劣、浪費資源、污染嚴(yán)重、不具備安全生產(chǎn)條件的廠礦，淘汰落后和壓縮過剩生產(chǎn)能力，并嚴(yán)禁轉(zhuǎn)移重建。長期虧損、資不抵債、扭虧無望的企業(yè)和資源枯竭的礦山，要實施破產(chǎn)關(guān)閉。積極疏通和逐步規(guī)范企業(yè)退出市場的信道。
發(fā)展高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)，以信息化帶動工業(yè)化。從實際出發(fā)，有選擇地加快信息技術(shù)、生物工程和新材料等高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展。重點支持建設(shè)高速寬帶信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)、關(guān)鍵集成電路、新型運載火箭等重大高技術(shù)工程，形成我國高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)的群體優(yōu)勢和局部強(qiáng)勢。加快發(fā)展信息產(chǎn)品制造業(yè)，提高自主開發(fā)能力和系統(tǒng)集成能力。積極發(fā)展軟件產(chǎn)業(yè)。加強(qiáng)信息基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)。要在企業(yè)技術(shù)開發(fā)和生產(chǎn)營銷、社會公共服務(wù)、政府行政管理等方面廣泛應(yīng)用數(shù)字化、網(wǎng)絡(luò)化技術(shù)，把工業(yè)化和信息化更好地結(jié)合起來。
加強(qiáng)水利、交通、能源等基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)，高度重視資源戰(zhàn)略問題。水資源短缺，是我國經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會發(fā)展的嚴(yán)重制約因素。要把節(jié)水放在突出位置，建立合理的水資源管理體制和水價形成機(jī)制，全面推行各種節(jié)水技術(shù)和措施，發(fā)展節(jié)水型產(chǎn)業(yè)，建立節(jié)水型社會。加強(qiáng)水污染防治，搞好污水處理和利用。加緊南水北調(diào)等重大項目的規(guī)劃和建設(shè)。要加強(qiáng)公路、鐵路、港口、航道、機(jī)場、管道系統(tǒng)的建設(shè)，建立健全暢通、安全、便捷的現(xiàn)代綜合運輸體系。能源特別是石油問題，是資源戰(zhàn)略的一個重要問題。國內(nèi)石油開發(fā)和生產(chǎn)不能適應(yīng)經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會發(fā)展的需要，供需矛盾日益突出。必須千方百計節(jié)約和替代石油，加快石油和天然氣勘探與開發(fā)，積極利用國外資源，并盡快建立石油等戰(zhàn)略資源的儲備制度。積極推進(jìn)大型煤礦改造，建設(shè)高產(chǎn)高效礦井，重視潔凈煤技術(shù)的開發(fā)利用。充分利用現(xiàn)有發(fā)電能力，積極發(fā)展水電、 ?nbsp| 口大機(jī)組火電，壓縮小火電，適度發(fā)展核電。加強(qiáng)城鄉(xiāng)電網(wǎng)建設(shè)和改造，推進(jìn)全國聯(lián)網(wǎng)。深化電力體制改革，逐步推進(jìn)廠網(wǎng)分開、競價上網(wǎng)。重視發(fā)展各種新能源。
加快發(fā)展服務(wù)業(yè)。這是促進(jìn)結(jié)構(gòu)升級和增加就業(yè)的重要途 ?nbsp| 。積極發(fā)展信息、金融、會計、咨詢、法律服務(wù)等現(xiàn)代服務(wù)業(yè)，提高服務(wù)業(yè)整體水平。運用現(xiàn)代經(jīng)營方式和服務(wù)技術(shù)，改造商貿(mào)流通、交通運輸、市政服務(wù)等傳統(tǒng)服務(wù)業(yè)，提高服務(wù)質(zhì)量和效益。發(fā)展面向居民消費的房地產(chǎn)業(yè)、社區(qū)服務(wù)、旅游、餐飲、娛樂、健身等產(chǎn)業(yè)，增加服務(wù)內(nèi)容。要深化改革和采取必要的政策措施，形成有利于服務(wù)業(yè)發(fā)展的環(huán)境。
IV. Energetically Optimizing and Improving Industrial Structure
Readjusting and improving industrial structure is the key to the strategic restructuring of the economy. We must stress the following aspects.
Enhancing traditional industries with high, new and advanced technologies. We need to pay close attention to the restructuring and reform of traditional industries. In these industries enterprises are the main entities, and they should be directed by the market and supported by technological advances. The following measures should be taken. First, we need to increase product variety, improve product quality, save on energy, reduce waste, prevent and control pollution, and increase productivity. These measures are most important in the energy, metallurgy, chemical, machinery, automobile, building materials, construction, textile and light industries. Support should be given to a number of key enterprises for technological renovation to improve their technology and equipment. Second, we need to speed up development of universal, key and accessory technology that can stimulate structural advancement by depending on both domestic innovation and imported technology. We need to stimulate equipment manufacturing and design and build complete plants of large, advanced and highly-efficient equipment urgently needed in China . Third, in major industries, we need to encourage the establishment of a number of large companies and enterprise groups through stock listing, merging, association and reorganization. Such companies and groups need to have their own intellectual property rights, core products and a strong central leadership, and they should become key players and pillars in industrial readjustment and advancement. Fourth, we need to support and promote renovation of old industrial bases, fully utilizing their strong foundation and concentration of talent to raise their production levels. The cities and large mining areas which depend on the exploitation of mineral resources should develop other industries to substitute for mining in light of local condition.
At the same time, we need to take economic, legal and necessary administrative measures to continue closing down plants and mines that produce shoddy goods, waste resources, cause serious pollution, or operate under unsafe conditions. Outmoded and surplus production capacity needs to be abandoned or reduced. Relocation and reconstruction of these outmoded facilities will be prohibited. Enterprises that have been in the red for long with little hope of recovery and whose debts surpass assets should be allowed to go bankrupt, and mines with exhausted resources should be closed. We should take the initiative to facilitate and gradually standardize the channels for encouraging such enterprises to quit the market.
Developing new and high-tech industries, and using information technology to stimulate industrialization. In accordance with actual situations, we need to selectively stimulate development of new and high-tech industries such as information technology, bioengineering and materials science. We need to lend support to important high-tech projects, such as high-speed, wide-band information networks, key integrated circuits and new-type carrier rockets in order to strengthen China ’s new and high-tech industries on an overall as well as individual basis. We need to expand the manufacturing of information technology products, develop the ability to manufacture all components of integrated systems, and enhance our capability for independent development. We also need to develop the software industry, strengthen the development of the information infrastructure, and apply digital and network technologies extensively in the technical development, production and marketing activities of enterprises, and in public services and government administration, so that industrialization and the information revolution go hand in hand.
Intensifying construction of water conservation, transportation, energy and other infrastructural facilities and attaching great importance to strategic issues concerning resources. Lack of water resources is a serious limitation on the economic and social development of our country. We need to put water conservation high on our work agenda, establish a rational system for management of water resources and a rational pricing mechanism, comprehensively adopt water conservation technologies and measures, develop water-efficient industries, and raise the entire society’s awareness of water conservation. Prevention and control of water pollution should be strengthened. We should improve sewage treatment and utilization. We need to expedite the planning and building of projects to divert water from the south to the north. In transportation, we need to build highways, railways, ports, channels, airports and pipelines in order to establish a comprehensive modern transportation system that is unimpeded, safe and convenient. Energy, oil in particular, is of strategic importance. Domestic development and production of oil can no longer keep pace with the needs of the country’s economic and social development, resulting in an increasing imbalance between oil supply and demand. Therefore, we need to take all possible measures to conserve and substitute for oil, accelerate exploration and exploitation of oil and natural gas resources, and make effective use of overseas resources. We need to institute a system for preserving strategic resources such as oil as soon as possible. We need to vigorously carry forward the renovation of large coal mines, construct highly productive and efficient mines, and place special emphasis on the development and utilization of clean coal technology. While making full use of existing power-generating capacity, we need to develop hydroelectric power and build large-scale thermal power plants near coal mines, reduce small thermal power stations, and moderately develop nuclear power. We should strengthen the construction and upgrading of power grids in urban and rural areas and work to complete nationwide network. We should further reform the power management system, gradually allow power plants and grids to operate separately, and institute bidding for the power supply. Emphasis should be placed on the development of all types of new energy.
Accelerating development of the service industry. This is an important avenue for stimulating economic restructuring and increasing employment. Actively developing modern services, such as information services, banking, accounting, consulting and law, will help raise the overall quality of the service industry. Up-to-date management and technology should be applied to renovate traditional service sectors, such as internal and foreign trade, transportation and municipal services, to improve their quality and efficiency. Services for urban consumers, such as real estate, community services, tourism, catering services, entertainment and fitness services need to be expanded. We need to deepen reform and adopt necessary policies and measures to create an environment favorable for the development of the service industry.
五、實施西部大開發(fā)，促進(jìn)地區(qū)協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展
實施西部大開發(fā)戰(zhàn)略，加快中西部地區(qū)發(fā)展，是我國邁向現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)第三步戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)的重要部署。 "十五"期間要突出重點，搞好開局，著重加強(qiáng)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和生態(tài)環(huán)境建設(shè)，力爭五到十年內(nèi)取得突破性進(jìn)展，同時使科技、教育有較大發(fā)展。
要集中力量建設(shè)西氣東輸、西電東送、青藏鐵路等一批具有戰(zhàn)略意義的重大項目。把水資源的保護(hù)、節(jié)約和開發(fā)放在突出位置，加強(qiáng)規(guī)劃，合理配置，努力提高水的利用效率。有步驟而因地制宜推進(jìn)天然林保護(hù)、退耕還林還草以及防沙治沙、草原保護(hù)等重要工程的建設(shè)，注意發(fā)揮生態(tài)的自我修復(fù)能力，逐步建成我國西部牢固的綠色生態(tài)屏障。積極發(fā)展教育事業(yè)，加快培養(yǎng)急需的各類人才。增加科技投入，提高科技開發(fā)能力。要從各地實際出發(fā)，調(diào)整和優(yōu)化產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)，加強(qiáng)農(nóng)業(yè)，加快資源優(yōu)勢向經(jīng)濟(jì)優(yōu)勢轉(zhuǎn)化，培育和形成各具特色的地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)。西部開發(fā)要依托亞歐大陸橋、長江水道、西南出海信道等主要交通干線，發(fā)揮中心城市的集聚功能和輻射作用，以線串點，以點帶面，培育西隴海蘭新線經(jīng)濟(jì)帶、長江上游經(jīng)濟(jì)帶和南（寧）貴（陽）昆（明）等經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)，帶動周圍地區(qū)發(fā)展。
國務(wù)院已頒布重點支持西部大開發(fā)的政策措施，國家將增加對西部地區(qū)的投入和財政轉(zhuǎn)移支付。西部地區(qū)要立足于主要依靠自己的力量，發(fā)揚艱苦創(chuàng)業(yè)精神，作好長期奮斗的準(zhǔn)備；加快改革開放步伐，營造良好的投資環(huán)境，更多更好地吸引境內(nèi)外資金、技術(shù)和人才參與西部開發(fā)。要加強(qiáng)干部交流。
中部地區(qū)要發(fā)揮區(qū)位優(yōu)勢和綜合資源優(yōu)勢，加快經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展步伐。以主要水陸交通干線地區(qū)為重點，發(fā)揮中心城市作用，積極培育新的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長點和經(jīng)濟(jì)帶。鞏固和發(fā)展農(nóng)業(yè)，繼續(xù)加強(qiáng)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和生態(tài)環(huán)境建設(shè)。加大用高新技術(shù)和先進(jìn)適用技術(shù)改造傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)的力度，提高技術(shù)水平和競爭能力。
東部沿海地區(qū)要面向國內(nèi)外市場，加快科技進(jìn)步和創(chuàng)新，著力發(fā)展高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)和外向型經(jīng)濟(jì)，提高經(jīng)濟(jì)的綜合素質(zhì)和國際競爭力，有條件的地區(qū)要率先基本實現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代化。要采取多種形式，加強(qiáng)與中部、西部地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟(jì)技術(shù)合作，支持和帶動中西部經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展，拓展東部結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整和經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的空間。
V. Implementing the Strategy for Developing the Western Region to Promote Coordinated Progress of Different Areas
Carrying out the strategy for western-region development to accelerate the development of the central and western regions is a major step taken to achieve the strategic goals of the third stage of the country’s modernization drive. During the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, we need to place emphasis on key projects for a good beginning of the program. Construction of infrastructure and protection of the ecological environment should take priority, and we should strive for major breakthroughs within five to ten years. At the same time, we hope to develop science, technology, and education considerably.
We must focus on a number of major projects of strategic significance, such as the transmission of natural gas and electricity from western to eastern regions and the planned Qinghai-Tibet Railway. We need to give priority to protecting, economizing and exploiting water resources through careful planning and rational allocation in order to ensure better utilization of water. We need to steadily proceed with major projects for protecting natural forests in light of local conditions, returning cultivated land to forests or pastures, preventing and controlling desertification, and protecting grassland. Great attention should be paid to the ecological self-regeneration capacity. We should connect these projects to form an ecological green belt in the western region. We need to vigorously improve education to train professionals and workers much needed in various fields. We need to increase investment in scientific and technological development. Localities should cultivate individualized local economies by adjusting and optimizing their industrial system, and by strengthening agriculture and by accelerating the transformation of resource advantages into economic advantages. In developing the western region, we need to begin work at places along major transportation routes, such as the Eurasian Continental Bridge , the Yangtze River , and the routes in the southwestern part of the country leading to the sea. Major cities connected by such lines should serve as economic centers and play leading roles in the development of their adjacent areas. We should particularly foster the economic zones along the Tongguan-Lanzhou-Urumqi line, the upper reaches of the Yangtze River , and the Nanning-Guiyang-Kunming line to promote development of the surrounding areas.
The State Council has already promulgated a number of policies and measures to support the development of the western region. The state will invest more in the west and increase transfer payments from the national budget to local budgets there. However, people in the western region should rely primarily on their own efforts and hard work over the long haul. We need to accelerate reform and opening up and create a sound investment environment to attract more funds, technology and human resources from home and abroad to the western region. We also need to increase the exchange of cadres.
The central region should make use of its regional advantages and its comprehensive advantages of resources to accelerate its pace of economic growth. It should focus on areas with main water and land transportation lines, make full use of the role of major cities and actively foster new loci of economic growth and new economic belts. It should consolidate and develop agriculture and continue to strengthen construction of infrastructural facilities and ecological projects. It should step up efforts to upgrade traditional industries with high, new and advanced technologies and raise its technological level and competitiveness.
The eastern coastal region should be oriented towards both the domestic and international markets. Priority tasks are to accelerate scientific and technological progress and innovation, to develop industries applying high and new technology, and to develop the internationally-oriented economy to improve its general performance and its competitiveness in the international market. Areas where conditions permit should take the lead in modernization. The eastern region should strengthen its economic and technological cooperation with the central and western regions by various means to support and stimulate their economic development and to increase its own flexibility for structural adjustment and economic growth at the same time. |
